Communication is not only the medium for this website but it has implications for what we believe to be True and how we share this knowledge with others.
This being a discussion, or at least a podium from where I am speaking my mind asking to be heckled, a good place to start is to explain the playing field upon which we will be engaging – for if we are having a discussion then we need to understand how it is we communicate. Communication is not only the medium for this dialogue but it has implications for what we believe to be True and how we share this knowledge with others.
Communication is the transfer of information. This transfer can be as unorthodox as the sun’s rays converting your skin cells to a different state, the passing and combining of genetic material during sexual intercourse, or a communicated disease. We commonly understand communication as multiple organisms sharing ideas or feelings with each other, imparting knowledge from one to the next. This last type of communication is special in that it results in the passing of information from one organism to another with minimal exchange, if any, of physical material. From now on when I speak of communication this is the type I am referring to. Communication can use the body and face to express ideas and emotions, voice and song to entertain and amuse, or structured words and grammar. Animals communicate with one another via visual display (actions, resources, physical and social stature), physiological phenomena (pheromone release which does involve the transfer of physical material, pupil dilation, touch) or vocal sound (language and music). In these examples communication is the outward representation of an organism’s inward state.
This form of communication therefore is necessarily representative. A communicable unit, a meme as Richard Dawkins posits or an idea in more vernacular terms, is the abstraction of a physical process that is created by one organism and interpreted by another. In the discipline called semiotics the process of creating the abstraction is identified as the relationship between the signified and the signfier. The signified is the object or physical process that is being represented, the signifier is the packet of information that an organism uses to represent the object or physical process. For example an organism may be hungry and wants food. If it then communicates the idea of food to another, the food, say a banana is the signified object, and the vocal sounds that the organism uses to represent the banana is the signifier. Alternatively the signified could be the organism’s feelings of hunger and the signifier is them physically hunching over in hunger pain clutching their belly. Either signifier, the vocal sound or the sight of a hunched fellow organism clutching their belly, communicates an idea to another organism.
This relationship between signified (the object) and signifier (the sign) is not fixed - many aspects can affect the relationship between signified and signifier. If the signifier sent is ambiguous, not well formed, or is based on other signifiers, then the signifier will be difficult for the receiver to interpret. In the example above, the vocal sound for a banana could be sent by an organism as a sign for the visual display of hunger, which itself is a sign for the physical feeling of hunger. For a receiving organism the usage of a banana to denote hunger could easily be misinterpreted. It is ambiguous, ‘did they mean banana or hunger?’ If the vocal noise that was made sounded very similar to that of happiness, the receiver might think the sender was actually ecstatic rather than starving, and that is why they are staggering about as if in a euphoric daze. The receiving organism might interpret the banana noise correctly as an interpretation for the physical display of hunger, but because the physical display of hunger may also be used to describe needing to excrete the correct interpretation requires very necessary further explanation.
The status of the receiver also effects the interpretation by their learned, cultural and physical/physiological context in which they receive the information. If the receiver has learnt that bananas are bad then when the sender starts sounding off banana signifiers the receiver may thump the sender thinking they are actually communicating bad ideas. If the culture of the receiver also says that bananas are bad, even if the receiver knows that the sender could be describing hunger pains their comprehension may be clouded by the thought of their friends reigning ridicule on them for not thumping the banana espouser. Finally the receiver could be bloated from an orgy of bananas and the idea of starving is not only foreign but the thought of another banana makes them sick so why on earth is this fellow being going on and on and on about bananas!
Communication using signifiers based on other signifiers in ever increasingly complicated systems that are not strongly tied to the physical universe create the signified systems that we label with such signifiers as language and grammar, rules of logic, culture and genre, and belief systems and ideologies. These are signifiers that are different to the exchange of momentum between two rocks colliding as they roll down a hill or a deer expressing fright at seeing a predator, they are what we call abstractions. It is our ability to create signifiers that don’t directly relate to the physical universe perceived by our senses that has led to our evolutionary success as a species, and our ability to create advanced ideas. This is at earliest most evident in the rise of cave painting where an artist communicates the signified of a deer by drawing a deer. The artwork bears the same meaning as the deer to the receivers and becomes independent of the artist as the sender of the information. The communicator is no longer the artist but the idea itself and it is far enough abstracted from the signified which is the deer. Advanced language probably occurred before this point but as there is no record of when language at this level began it is impossible to discuss.
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